Drawing Sound as Landscape

Drawing as Landscape Architectural Scholarship

Considering the vital role that drawing plays in conceiving buildings and landscapes, the question of “knowledge” in relation to visual representations becomes a matter of importance. The conventional view of drawing considers it a passive and neutral means to communicate mental concepts in visual form. The present study, however, views drawing as an essential vehicle that both enlists our crit...

Drawing the Perceptual and Experiential Landscape

Drawing Sound Conclusions from Unsound Premises

Given sets Φ1 = {φ11, . . . , φ1u(1)}, . . . ,Φz = {φz1, . . . , φzu(z)} of boolean formulas, a formula ω follows from the conjunction ∧ Φi = ∧ φij iff ¬ω ∧ ∧z i=1 Φi is unsatisfiable. Now assume that, given integers 0 ≤ ei < u(i), we must check if ¬ω ∧ ∧z i=1 Φ ′ i remains unsatisfiable, where Φ ′ i ⊆ Φi is obtained by deleting ei arbitrarily chosen formulas of Φi, for each i = 1, . . . , z. I...

Drawing Sound Conclusions from Noisy Judgments

The quality of a search engine is typically evaluated using hand-labeled data sets, where the labels indicate the relevance of documents to queries. Often the number of labels needed is too large to be created by the best annotators, and so less accurate labels (e.g. from crowdsourcing) must be used. This introduces errors in the labels, and thus errors in standard precision metrics (such as P@...

Drawing a Waddington landscape to capture dynamic epigenetics.

Epigenetics is most often reduced to chromatin marking in the current literature, whereas this notion was initially defined in a more general context. This restricted view ignores that epigenetic memories are in fact more robustly ensured in living systems by steady-state mechanisms with permanent molecule renewal. This misconception is likely to result from misleading intuitions and insufficie...